Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. He was known for his religious tolerance. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Rajatarangini | Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. ). After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha 23 February 2011. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Rajatarangini - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. It does not store any personal data. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia Deposed by the minister Shura. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Verse 12. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? } Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state 0 0 Similar questions We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. puhdas in Persian - Finnish-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Son of Sukhavarman. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. . It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Verse 14. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Son of Ajitapida. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). Rajatarangini/Original languages His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Subscribe here. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Who translated Ramayana into Persian? - Vedantu Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. A Short Note On Kalhana's Rajatarangini - Unacademy Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. for this article. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Son of Partha. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Verse 14. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. You can try more lenient search to get some results. epic poem Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. After ruling indirectly and directly. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After that, the English translation. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy.
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