[55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. Britain and Nigeria'S Independence in 1960 [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. 4 Pages. Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. By the 1870s the Niger trade was becoming profitable, and a few French companies took notice. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. [19] This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. African Nationalism | South African History Online Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Birth of the Nigerian Colony Google Arts & Culture factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1213. In May of this year, Herbert J. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. Facebook Instagram Email. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. But the war had more concrete consequences. PDF BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultans capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. How Britain Conquered And Created Nigeria - Politics - Nigeria - Nairaland The neglect of traditional institutions. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. The choice of political elite at the time of independence can also explain these differences. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.[68]. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. Thanks to this skewed writing of history, many Nigerians today still have Empire nostalgia and view the colonial period through rose-tinted . David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. . In the north many emirates did not take military action, but the deposed caliph, Atahiru I, rebelled in 1903. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". mitchelville beach house. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. PDF THE IMPLIATIONS OF RITISH OLONIAL EONOMI POLIIES ON NIGERIA'S - garph Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. Motivation for European conquest of the New World Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result. Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. The council was headed by a Governor. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. Open Document. Colonial System of Administration In Nigeria: Definition, Historical http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the Richards Constitution. What Were Reasons for European Exploration of the Americas? To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. All the territories were now under British control, and the search for an identity began, first as Northern and Southern Nigeria and then with eventual amalgamation. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. . As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. What are the Factors which facilitated the rise of Colonialism? Therefore, other factors exist to explain the institutional design. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. A Review of "What Britain Did to Nigeria" by Max Siollun - Foreign Affairs 2. How Nigeria Was Colonized by the British: The Complete History [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers.
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